Most Read articles

    Published in last 1 year |  In last 2 years |  In last 3 years |  All

    In last 2 years
    Please wait a minute...
    For Selected: Toggle Thumbnails
    Analysis of the Digital Humanities Culture Analytics Field and Application Prospect of Large Language Models—Interview with Professor Matthew Wilkens
    Matthew Wilkens Yang Xiaoyan
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 3-14.  
    Abstract627)      PDF(pc) (11481KB)(271)       Save
    Cultural analytics under the digital humanities is a research field where scholars combine quantitative analysis from mathematics,statistics,and social sciences with complex large-scale social and cultural datasets. The article is an interview with Dr. Matthew Wilkens of Cornell University,an active scholar in this field. It includes an introduction to the current situation of the field,his research experience,prospects,educational ideas,and more. Dr. Wilkens believes that the methods and technologies of digital humanistic culture analysis are transferable,but to avoid the impulse of generalization and generalization,the field still faces two major challenges: one technical and one conceptual.In particular,the idea that literary and historical problems such as cultural evolution cannot be solved by close reading and that the core of some quantitative research is still humanism is still difficult to accept. This difficulty of conceptual change will make digital humanities research within the humanities stagnate. At present,there are signs that the growth of digital humanities will occur in information science and other technical disciplines. At the same time,the rapidly developing large-scale generative models have great application potential in the field of cultural analytics. It will be an important trend for humanists to cooperate with developers of large-scale language models in the future.
    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Virtual Museums as An Extended Museum Experience:Challenges and Impacts for Museology,Digital Humanities,Museums and Visitors —in Times of (Coronavirus) Crisis
    Bernadette Biedermann Trans. Gao Yan
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 15-30.  
    Abstract433)      PDF(pc) (12541KB)(191)       Save
    Since there has been a recent trend to establishing virtual museums,which various institutions have swiftly responded to,the objective of this paper is to understand the nature of virtual and / or digital museums by focusing on their particular characteristics. In this approach,the paper proceeds from the assumption that museum representations in the virtual space and / or virtual museums could extend conventional or physical museum space,leading to enhanced visitor attraction and experience. The paper thus focuses on the virtual museum as an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary object of investigation from the perspective of museology and digital humanities and seeks to ascertain whether scholarly and practical impacts are achieved. It also analyses the expected impacts on practical museum work and visitor needs,especially with respect to the tasks museums are required to fulfil in times of crisis.
    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    The Digital Turn in Early Modern Japanese Studies
    Zhou Ruiqi Guan Fanyi
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 116-128.  
    Abstract285)      PDF(pc) (5106KB)(930)       Save
    Hosted by the University of Cambridge, the international symposium “The Digital Turn in Early Modern Japanese Studies” was held online from December 2nd to 4th,2022. “Early Modern Japan” is one of the most rapidly advancing and fertile fields in Japanese digital humanities research at this stage,and this conference showcased the characteristics of current Japanese DH research to some extent. The application of digital technologies and tools, such as OCR technology,the IIIF framework,GIS systems,and high - magnification digital microscopes,has pushed forward research on many fundamental issues in early modern Japanese studies,including handwriting recognition and reading. Also,digital humanities research has made excellent achievements in art,literature,and print culture,further promoting the accessibility of resources and the revitalization of traditional disciplines. At the same time,challenges like unresolved technical issues and the adaptability of digital resources still existed,as well as issues regarding the research environment,concepts,and ethics. Last but not least,some research perspectives shown at the conference could inspire Chinese digital humanities research,such as the emphasis on constructing portal websites and awareness of serving a wider range of people.
    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    An On-Site Study and Its GIS Presentation of the Grand Canal in Painting Album of the Great Canal Journeys by Qian Gu and Visual Travelogue of a Journey Through the Waterways by Zhang Fu of Ming Dynasty
    Chien Chin-Sung Liao Hsiung-Ming Wang Yong Zhang Shujun Tang Chen Yan Cheng Xie Dinghong
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 50-115.  
    Abstract282)      PDF(pc) (75142KB)(151)       Save
    Qian Gu(钱穀)’s Painting Album of the Great Canal Journeys(《纪行图册》)was based on Wang Shizhen(王世贞)’s Shi Jin Ji Xing(《适晋纪行》)in the fourth year of the Longqing reign (1570) in June and was painted into 32 scenes from Cangshan Xiaozhi Garden(仓山小祗园) to Yangzhou Yangzi Bridge( 扬州扬子桥). Zhang Fu(张复)’s Visual Travelogue of A Journey Through the Waterways(《水程图》)was drawn on the boat going north when Wang Shizhen entered the position of Taipu(太仆) in the second year of Wanli (1574) in February. He depicted 52 scenes from Shao Bo(邵伯)to Tongzhou(通州). Both works were done in a realistic style and are considered exceptional in the Ming dynasty’s painting history. This article uses the on-site study method to undertake three tasks. First,since Wang Shizhen’s trip to the north coincided with the Great Canal’s changing period during the completion of the Longqing Xinhe(隆庆新河)and the discussion of the Jiahe(泇河),this article intends to digitize all the waterways they passed through. Second,Qian Gu stated that he wanted to record the true landscape at that time,so this article uses travel diaries,local gazetteers,ancient and modern maps,and my own research results through the on-site study to explain each illustration and verify the degree of realism depicted by the painters. Third,the value of the more than 80 scenes is like discovering a large box of Ming dynasty videotapes. This article will reveal the true appearance of the Great Canal in the Ming dynasty in a visual and expressive manner through the true nature of the scenes.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Reflection on the Method of Gathering of Scattered Literature in the Digital Humanity Era
    Tang Chen Zhang Ping
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 31-38.  
    Abstract279)      PDF(pc) (1377KB)(326)       Save

    In the era of digital humanities, the work of gathering scattered literature puts forward two requirements for scholars. First, we should continue the experience of Gathering of Scattered Writings, Bibliography and Textualcriticism, and actively connect with the latest technology in the field of digital humanities. In the preliminary preparation stage, the scope of literature should be defined in combination with the traditional experience of bibliography. At the stage of deep excavation and expansion, digital humanistic means such as GIS and Social Network Analysis should be used to assist in our work. In the stage of editing and proofreading, we should pay close attention to the objects for a long time, and repeatedly use the latest data and databases to carry out the continuation and proofreading. In the stage of counterfeit identification, we should flexibly use the traditional life textual research method and the digital textual research method. The second requirement is to use various databases and tools flexibly. For searchable databases, keywords need to be set in advance and supplemented and adjusted at any time based on the collected data. Among the existing search-type databases, the local chronicles database has the greatest potential for our work and is worth strengthening. For the image database that cannot be full-text retrieved, we can compile a thematic index or build a title database by self, so as to establish a new growth point for our work. In addition, some commonly used databases in other fields, such as CNKI and DUXIU, can sometimes provide unexpected help for our work too.


    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Knowledge Extraction of Cultural Heritage Information Resources Based on Keywords
    Peng Bo
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (2): 39-49.  
    Abstract269)      PDF(pc) (5937KB)(258)       Save

    With the explosive growth of cultural heritage information resources, efficient extraction methods of unstructured data affects the spread of Chinese traditional culture. This article takes the text of cultural heritage information resources as the research object, proposes to classify them by sources, select keyword extraction methods according to different knowledge distribution characteristics, and retrieve cultural heritage entities and relationships in the knowledge graph after obtaining keywords to complete the path of knowledge extraction. The experimental results show that the categorized keyword extraction method established by the research can improve more than 50% compared with other methods, and can better extract the cultural heritage knowledge in unstructured data.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Historical Game Studies as a New Direction in the Development of Digital History 
    Lu Yahuai
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (2): 3-26.  
    Abstract208)      PDF(pc) (1347KB)(172)       Save
    Historical Game Studies, a burgeoning new field, is increasingly attracting the attention of historians, including digital historians.By exploring Historical Game Studies as part of Digital History, reviewing the birth and evolution of the field, and summarizing the consensus and inspirations in the field, this paper tries to point out that our current Digital Historyis not a direct continuation of Quantitative History.Instead, it is based on the ideal of public history and the concern for media technology, and in this sense, Historical Game Studies could be considered as the continuation and expansion of Digital History.Historical Game Studies explores how video games as digital mass media, have changed the way historical knowledge is produced, disseminated, and received, as well as the public's historical consciousness, thus constitutes a window into the revolution of history in the digital age.Incorporating Historical Game Studies into digital historiography can help clarify the definition and scope of Digital History, and also provide the means to expand and deepen Digital History.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Explanation in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Social Sciences
    Tim Miller, Zhang Jing
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (2): 90-128.  
    Abstract199)      PDF(pc) (2268KB)(569)       Save

    There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to provide more transparency to their algorithms. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers’ intuition of what constitutes a ‘good’ explanation. There exist vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations to the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence can build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. lt draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be in-fused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Things with Agency in Video Games: The Intertwinement of Rules and Narratives
    Chen Xin
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 104-114.  
    Abstract195)      PDF(pc) (1130KB)(85)       Save

    Since the renowned debate between ludology and narratology, the rules and narratives of games, as well as their interrelationship, have been recurrent themes in games studies. Today, games have emerged as one of the most influential digital cultural products. Many game developers, while striving to enhance the playability of games, are also consciously pursuing exceptional narratives. In this context, the most critical question is no longer whether video games are fundamentally about rules or narratives, but rather what the relationship between rules and narratives in games is and how they can be better integrated. By incorporating Alfred Gell and other post-humanist, re-examining the relationship between rules and narratives from the perspective of things in games can deepen our understanding of this is sue. Things in video games can be categorized into different types; some are fictional, akin to those in traditional media such as novels and films, while others follow certain rules and are simulated or real. Rules endow the latter type of things with stronger agency, providing the possibility for creating a new form of interactive narrative and offering a path worth exploring for other digital cultural products that also emphasize interactivity. At the same time, it can be seen that the designer of a digital text has more and more specific means of planning the behavior of the readers (players) than the author of a traditional books, and that the person who reads the hypertext or plays the game is never freer than the person who reads traditional books.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Topic Analysis of Uyghur Twelve Muqam Based on Text Mining Methods

    Kai Limai, Li Beibei, Zhang Shuying, Zhong Lei, Yang Zekun
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 66-87.  
    Abstract192)      PDF(pc) (4290KB)(281)       Save

    The Uyghur Muqam is an artistic treasure developed in the long history, which integrates various artistic expressions, such as songs, dances and instrumental performances. And it is one of the worlds intangible cultural heritage. Nowadays, Uyghur Muqam is facing challenges on the inheritance, development and dissemination in the digital era, with a lack of comprehensive information resource construction and mining. We used NLP techniques to process Uyghur Twelve Muqam lyrics. Then we applied topic analysis, co-occurrence word analysis and social network analysis towards the content. This work aims to extract the topics of the Twelve Muqam libretto, establish a co-occurrence word network and Poet-topic two-mode network. Our purpose is to explore the commonality and characteristics of Uyghur Twelve Muqam lyrics and styles among different poets, showing the symbolic features in uyghur culture, values and aesthetics.


    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    The Development of Stylometry in Japan: From Article Psychology to Digital Humanities
    Wang Zirui
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 115-128.  
    Abstract191)      PDF(pc) (1652KB)(854)       Save

    This study aims to systematically trace the history and development of stylometry in Japan from the perspectives of temporal evolution and content classification through a literature review. It also analyzes representative cases and characteristics of stylometry in Japanese literary research. The evolution of Japanese stylometry has exhibited distinct localized features: in the 1930s, it emerged in the field of psychology with minimal influence from Western theories; around the 1960s, the establishment of the Mathematical Linguistic Society of Japan facilitated the popularization of quantitative linguistic methods; and after the 1990s,advancements in computer technology and statistics ushered in a period of prolific research output. Throughout this extensive accumulation process, Japanese stylometry has gradually developed interdisciplinary characteristics that intertwine linguistics, psychology, and literature, establishing a research paradigm that merges the sciences and humanities and emphasizes problem-oriented inquiry. This has resulted in a wealth of practical research findings that serve as important references for domestic literary studies.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    The Scale of Time: Rereading and Rethinking A Companion to Digital Humanities

    Yu Min, Feng Huiling, Xu Bishan
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 32-46.  
    Abstract190)      PDF(pc) (2106KB)(120)       Save

    Twenty years ago, A Companion to Digital Humanities (2004) brought together a group of young scholars to discuss, review, and examine the still-young history of Digital Humanities, creating a landmark work in the field’s development. Confronting the chaotic fog of the emerging discipline at the time, the book, with over 600 pages, presented interdisciplinary theories and practical activities, including new processes of academic production, dissemination and curatorship, offering valuable theoretical support and practical experience for both beginners and researchers in Digital Humanities. This article re-examines the key ideas in A Companion to Digital Humanities, linking them longitudinally to A New Companion to Digital Humanities (2016), and finds both continuity and extension in Western digital humanities over the past decade, particularly in areas such as Databases, Modeling, and Robot Poetics. It then compares these developments with The China Digital Humanities Development Report (Volume 1), revealing differences between Chinese and Western digital humanities in their discussions on digital scholarship, visualization, and cultural heritage. Furthermore, the article highlights that Chinese Digital Humanities research still neglects issues of interface design and aesthetics.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Ontology Construction: Ancient Chinese Artifacts Conceptual Reference Model

    Ye Yipei
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (3): 37-48.  
    Abstract190)      PDF(pc) (2895KB)(379)       Save

    This study aims to achieve information exchange and integration among cultural heritage institutions and provide machine-readable information resources to meet the needs of generative artificial intelligence in factual reasoning and decision support. Focused on ancient Chinese movable artifacts, the research utilizes the CIDOC-CRM framework as a foundation and combines top-down and bottom-up approaches to construct the Ancient Chinese Artifacts Conceptual Reference Model(CRM-ACA).Building upon this ontology model, a knowledge graph is created to facilitate data services for the Palace Museum's Online Collection Platform, thereby validating the operability of CRM-ACA. This development fills gaps in the museum industry and promotes the exchange, integration, and intelligent processing of museum collection information.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Explicit or Implicit Digital Humanities? An Examination of Search Strategies to Retrieve Digital Humanities Publications from Large-scale Scholarly Databases

    Li Kai, Ma Rongqian, Fang Zhichao, Trans. Zhang Tongrui
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 20-38.  
    Abstract176)      PDF(pc) (3364KB)(99)       Save

    As a growing research field, digital humanities (DH) is receiving increasing attention from quantitative science studies using standardized scholarly databases. However, one of the challenges of this new line of research is how to select the query strategy to produce a representative sample of the field. In this research, we analyzed the differences between two publication samples acquired from the Dimensions database using two sampling approaches, namely, a keyword search and a DH journal list. We argue that these two samples offer distinct perspectives on the conceptual landscape of digital humanities, namely, implicit DH and explicit DH, and contribute to building a more comprehensive representation of the DH research domain. We identified notable differences between the publication samples from these two query strategies, especially the fact that these two samples have a very small overlap of publications, and they also have different disciplinary orientations. Our findings indicate that future quantitative studies analyzing DH publications should use more inclusive methods to cover both the implicit and explicit types of DH contributions. Moreover, we also discussed how our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the disciplinary composition of DH, an interdisciplinary research field.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    A Digital Humanities Research Model for Chinese Export Paintings: A Case Study of the Victoria and Albert Museum Collection
    Gao Jin, Zhang Yangming, Wang Linminqing, Liu Jiawei
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (2): 42-63.  
    Abstract175)      PDF(pc) (17839KB)(26)       Save
    Chinese export paintings, made by Chinese artists between the 18th and 19th centuries, were specially for export to Europe and North America.These works blend Chinese and European painting techniques and include Chinese traditional customs, occupations, manufacturing and trade, ships, flora, and fauna of late Qing Dynasty, which formed a unique artistic style. This paper introduces a collaborative research project between University College London(UCL) and the Victoria and Albert Museum(V&A), which proposes a new digital humanities research model to study Chinese export art. Firstly, the research quantitatively identifies similar painting themes and group them into different artists/workshops. Secondly, it employs deep learning methods to classify 2350 export painting images by theme. Finally, the study conducts iconographic annotation and in-depth analysis to uncover the thematic distribution and evolution of Chinese export paintings created by Chinese artists from the 18th to 19th centuries. The findings reveal significant thematic differences in V&A's collection of export paintings before and after 1840, which provide data support for research on Chinese export paintings and global art history. Additionally, the study contributes a new digital humanities research model for future research on export art. These findings deepen the understanding of Chinese export painting themes and explore new research methodology for analysing the unique process of Sino-Western cultural integration.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    The Identification and Analysis of Emotional Process of Nie Er on Revolutionary Road: Centered on His Diary and His Letters

    Zhang Zihe, Huang Tiyang
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 88-103.  
    Abstract174)      PDF(pc) (4035KB)(141)       Save

    By using the method of emotional analysis, this paper analyzes the emotional characteristics of revolutionary figures' diaries, letters and other documents, and analyzes the development process of their revolutionary spirit, which is beneficial to further inherit the revolutionary tradition and carry forward the revolutionary spirit. This paper extracts and cleans the sentence data in Nie Er’s diaries and letters, uses the Senta model to identify the emotional characteristics of Nie Er, transforms the emotions into measurable values and visualizes them, and uses machine learning to study the characteristics of Nie Ers emotional changes. From the perspective of data analysis, the emotional process of Nie Ers revolutionary road is constructed. The study found that the three key events of witnessing the reactionaries’ suppression of teachers and classmates, personally experiencing the Battle of Shanghai and secretly joining the Communist Party of China had a profound impact on Nie Ers emotional changes, and then formed his gradual decline period, fluctuation period, fluctuation recovery period and continuous improvement period. The four emotional stages of life reflect his life journey from establishing revolutionary consciousness to participating in the revolution and then to publicizing the revolution. It is believed that sentiment analysis provides a new method and perspective for the study of historical figures. By analyzing and displaying the interaction between the emotional process of the characters and the social background, it is helpful to explore the process of emotional change and the establishment and development of revolutionary spirit.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Review of Internet Religion Research in China (2000-2023): Bibliometric Visualization Analysis Based on CSSCI Sources

    Liu Lingyu
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 100-124.  
    Abstract159)      PDF(pc) (12714KB)(26)       Save

    Since the rise of the Internet in China (2000), the intersection of “Internet” and “religion” has become increasingly intricate, presenting a multifaceted and complex landscape. In response to this, the political, academic, and religious sectors have actively engaged in the study of “Internet religion”, spurring significant developments in this field. Visualization analysis based on bibliometrics offers a comprehensive reflection of the overall landscape and evolutionary trends in the research on “Internet religion” in China. This paper analyzes 196 CSSCl (including the extended edition) articles from the CNKl academic journal database, covering the period from 2000 to 2023. Using a combination of CiteSpace visualization software, descriptive statistical analysis, and a close reading of the literature, it conducts a multidimensional examination of aspects such as research volume, scholarly contributions, and key themes. The study aims to clarify the development trajectory of “Internet religion” research in China and presents suggestions for future directions. The findings reveal that the research on “Internet religion” in China has undergone a progression from the study of traditional phenomena to theoretical paradigm shifts and, subsequently, to practical applications in governance. The research focuses on three core themes: “concepts and paradigms of Internet religion”, “phenomena and fundamental issues of Internet religion”, and “real-world challenges and governance of Internet religion”. This body of research can be divided into four stages: the “initial exploration of Internet ‘religious communication’, with sporadic and fragmented themes” (2000-2010), the “shift from phenomena to governance, expanding into a comprehensive research focus” (2011-2016), the “emergence of diverse and digital themes” (2017-2019), and the “collaborative development of the three sectors, leading to systematic research” (2020-2023). The study identifies key challenges moving forward, including overcoming the “stacking effect”, the construction of an autonomous knowledge system, the cultivation of interdisciplinary talent, and the empowerment of governance through big data.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Rural Gaze: Overview of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Traditional Chinese Villages and Their Cultures
    Qi Tianjiao, Ran Haowen, Li Jiayun
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (2): 64-89.  
    Abstract149)      PDF(pc) (38181KB)(24)       Save
    Traditional Chinese villages are the largest integrated space of cultural heritage in China, and the spatial and temporal distribution of traditional villages and their cultures is an important base map of the spatial distribution of Chinese historical and contemporary culture. At present, most researches on Chinese traditional villages are case studies, and there is no general study on Chinese traditional villages and their cultural distribution. In this paper, geographic information System(GIS) technology is used to analyze the spatial distribution of Chinese traditional villages and their cultural space, the influencing factors and the spatial and temporal distribution of the construction history of Chinese traditional villages. Based on the large-scale collection and collation of spatial data and cultural heritage data of traditional villages, a large dataset with spatial characteristics as the core was constructed. Through a multi-dimensional comparative study of time, economy and heritage, the distribution characteristics of cultural space of traditional villages and their close relationship with the national traditional cultural pattern were revealed. The research results show that the continuity of historical information, economic factors and geographical factors are important factors that determine the spatial distribution of Chinese traditional village culture. Among them, economic factors and ethnic factors in geographical factors interact with each other, which have a complex impact on the distribution pattern of contemporary Chinese traditional villages and shape the distinctive "community" characteristics of Chinese traditional villages. In addition, Chinese traditional villages are closely related to the national material and intangible cultural heritage in space, which on the one hand reflects the aggregation and distribution of most of China's cultural heritage, and on the other hand also reflects that a large number of cultural heritages in traditional villages need to be excavated and protected, highlighting the important position of traditional villages in Chinese culture. Based on geographic information, this paper explores the spatial and temporal perspective of the cultural space of traditional Chinese villages, in order to provide important references for the overall appearance and integrity of traditional Chinese villages, as well as the excavation and protection of cultural heritage in traditional Chinese villages.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Digital Humanities: Mission Accomplished? An Analysis of Scholarly Literature

    Emanuele Salerno, Trans. Chen Long
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 3-19.  
    Abstract145)      PDF(pc) (1333KB)(81)       Save

    The field of digital humanities has evolved throughout the parallel evolution of computers, software and networking techniques, as well as the different attitudes of interested scholars. Since the earliest historical phases of this research field, scholars have been debating whether it can be considered as a new academic discipline and whether it is revolutionary in nature. About 20 years ago, the early denotation of “humanities computing” evolved to the present label of DH, and deep changes occurred in digital information technologies, as well as in their humanities applications. Meanwhile, dedicated academic curricula were launched, thus adding an argument in favor of the debated disciplinarity of digital humanities. This paper gives an account of the relevant scholarly debate, distinguishing between the early period and the most recent years; it then tries to frame this process in a model of scientific revolution.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Digital Humanities in the Era of Digital Reproducibility Towards a Fairest and Post-computational Framework

    Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel, Trans.Wan Peihan, Song Yixuan
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 3-19.  
    Abstract144)      PDF(pc) (2061KB)(68)       Save
    Reproducibility has become a requirement in the hard sciences, and its adoption is gradually extending to the digital humanities. The FAlR criteria and the publication of data papers are both indicative of this trend. However, the question that arises is whether the strict prerequisites of digital reproducibility serve only to exclude digital humanities from broader humanities scholarship. Instead of adopting a binary approach, an alternative method acknowledges the unique features of the objects, inquiries, and techniques of the humanities, including digital humanities, as well as the social and historical contexts in which the concept of reproducibility has developed in the human sciences. In the first part of this paper, I propose to examine the historical and disciplinary context in which the concept of reproducibility has developed within the human sciences, and the disciplinary struggles involved in this process, especially for art history and literature studies. In the second part, I will explore the question of reproducibility through two art history research projects that utilize various computational methods. I argue that issues of corpus, method, and interpretation cannot be separated, rendering a procedural definition of reproducibility impractical. Consequently, l propose the adoption of “post-computational reproducibility", which is based on FAlREST criteria as far as digital corpora are concerned (FAlR+Ethics and Expertise, Source mention+Time-Stamp), but extended to include further sources that confirm computational results with other non-computational methodologies.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Symbiosis of Digital and Physical:Envisioning the Future of Digital Humanities——An Overview of the 2023 China Digital Humanities Annual Conference
    He Qiaoyin, Wang Xiaoguang
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 3-17.  
    Abstract144)      PDF(pc) (3270KB)(183)       Save

    The 5th China Digital Humanities Annual Conference(CDH2023), co-hosted by the School of Information Management of Wuhan University and the Digital Humanities Professional Committee of the China Society of Indexers, and organized by the School of Information Management of Wuhan University, the Intelligent Computing Laboratory for Cultural Heritage of Wuhan University, the Big Data Research Institute of Wuhan University, and the Center for Information Resource Research of Wuhan University, was held on 9-10 December 2023 in Guanggu Wuhan. The conference, themed “Symbiosis of Digital and Physical: Envisioning the Future of Digital Humanities”, featured ten thematic subforums and garnered extensive attention from both domestic and international higher education institutions and industry sectors. By classifying and reviewing the papers and projects submitted to the conference, as well as analyzing and summarizing the selection of related technology paths and presentation forms, the article aims to explore the current focus and progress of digital humanities research in China, discuss the challenges and coping strategies faced by digital humanities research in China, and forecast future research trends.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Exploration and Insights into Digitalization of Japanese Theater

    Gao Huijing, Zong Zupan
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 105-115.  
    Abstract134)      PDF(pc) (24598KB)(14)       Save

    The Japanese performing arts sector faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting a series of positive explorations and transformations into digital realms. Presently, digital explorations in Japanese theater primarily encompass three types: “personal cloud terminals” “theater×cinema” and “virtual theaters”, fostering new models such as online performances and hybrid immersive theater that transcend traditional theater spaces. The development of digital performing arts in Japan is facilitated by cultural policy support and the establishment of digital archives, aiming to enhance audience sensory experiences through innovative performance forms and immersive technologies, while cultivating a new generation of audiences. The core of Japanese theatrical digital transformation lies in enriching sensory experiences within virtual spaces, where digital performing arts no longer serve as mere substitutes for live performances but emerge as entirely new forms of entertainment.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Quantitative Literary Research: Concepts, Traditions, and Paradigms

    Liu Yongqiang, Chen Zixuan
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 20-31.  
    Abstract132)      PDF(pc) (1630KB)(98)       Save

    This study uncovers a long-forgotten research system by redefining the concept of quantitative literary research, tracing its historical context, and re-examining its classic research cases. In the field of literature, quantitative literary research can be regarded as the predecessor of digital humanities, as there were already evidences of literary research using such quantitative methods as statistics and measurement before the advent of computer technology. The long-standing obscurity of quantitative literary research is bound up with its fracture in history. Since the 1970s and 1980s, literary studies premised on quantitative methods have gradually declined and been forgotten. As important representatives of quantitative literary studies, Wilhelm Fucks's and Max Bense’s contributions are closely related to contemporary digital humanities research and contain profound enlightening value. The former is crowned as a pioneer of Stylometry, while the latter not only skillfully applys mathematical knowledge to humanities and arts, but also creatively uses computer technology to produce literary works, A re-examination of quantitative literary research prompts us to consider whether quantitative literary studies should remain subject to digital humanities or develop into a discipline with its own specific research paradigm. This is crucial for literary studies in the digital age.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Digital Humanities and Open Agenda
    Simon Mahony, Chen Xingyi, Wang Puyu
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 39-46.  
    Abstract132)      PDF(pc) (1162KB)(73)       Save

    Digital humanities, as an active promoting force of the Open Agenda, shares the same core values with Open Science: freedom, collaboration, inclusion, sharing, openness, and transparency. Digital technologies not only provide the technical foundation for realizing freedom, openness, and sharing, but they also transformed human thinking and the paradigms of scientific research. The widespread application of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, has exerted a significant impact on the disciplinary literacy, research paradigms, and trends of digital humanities. Simon Mahony, Emeritus Professor of Digital Humanities at University College London (UCL), has been active in the field for over 20 years. As a contributor, researcher, and educator in digital humanities, he analyzes the development of this field from a comprehensive perspective. Through three in-depth interviews with Professor Mahony, this article discusses the spirit of openness in digital humanities, starting from the Open Agenda and Open Science, with a particular focus on the development and future of digital humanities in the era of artificial intelligence. By conducting a comparative analysis of domestic and international discussions surrounding the Open Agenda, this article aims to uncover the various focal points and its potential development in China, providing new perspectives for digital humanities spirit of openness and exploring its expansive prospects in the new era.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Making Use of Digital Data to Build a Research Platform: Developing "Digital Tale of Genji”  by Cooperation of Researchers and Library Staff
    Nakamura Misa, Kigoshi MiChi, Ogawa Kayoko, Trans. Wang Zirui
    Digital Humanities Research    2025, 5 (1): 54-75.  
    Abstract129)      PDF(pc) (14455KB)(20)       Save

    The University of Tokyo Library, prompted by the digitization of its collection of The Tale of Genji manuscripts, organized study sessions involving researchers from various disciplines and library staff to explore the utilization of digital data centered around The Tale of Genji. As a result, the website Digital Tale of Genji was launched with the aim of creating a platform for textual research on The Tale of Genji. This paper discusses the background leading to the organization of these study sessions, the development and functional expansion of the Digital Tale of Genji platform, and the significance of collaboration between researchers and library staff in this initiative.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Sound Design in the Construction of Immersive Digital Narratives——Taking Song Qingling and China Welfare Institute's Related Archive as an Example

    Wang Meixian, Cheng Chen, Chen Tao, Wang Xinyu, Lin Jiyuan
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 74-85.  
    Abstract127)      PDF(pc) (31252KB)(20)       Save

    Immersive digital narrative of archival resources accelerates the three-dimensionalization and concreteness of archival memory, realizing the evolution from physical space to memory space. This study reviews the current status of the development and utilization of archival resources from the perspective of digital humanities, analyzes the limitations of the current construction of immersive digital narratives of archival resources, and demonstrates the feasibility of immersive narrative paths based on sophisticated sound design in the development and utilization of archival resources. Taking the relevant archives of Soong Ching Ling and the China Welfare Institute as an example, we synesthetically construct an audio-visual archival immersive narrative method based on multiple state-of-the-art technologies, such as VR, Meta Human and Mockingbird. It verifies the possibility of multi-modal cross-fertilization of music and image resources. By combining the virtual exhibition hall with panoramic views and lossless sound effects, archival resources and image resources can be extended from a flat space to an infinite three-dimensional space.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Linguistics and Digital Humanities: Observations from Dialectometry Scholars: Interview with Associate Researcher Huang He

    Huang He, Fang Shuyi
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (3): 27-36.  
    Abstract126)      PDF(pc) (1495KB)(466)       Save

    Currently, digital humanities claims to prioritize linguistic research, but its focus is actually limited to fields such as computational linguistics, lacking a comprehensive understanding of the current development of the linguistics as a discipline. The article is an interview with Dr.Huang He from the Institute of Modem Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University, an active scholar in the field of linguistics, especially dialectometry. The purpose is to clarify the relationship between linguistics and digital humanities. Dr.Huang believes that“digital humanities” should refer to humanities research assisted by digital technology, while linguistics is a complex group of disciplines, with fields that lean towards the humanities, such as literary linguistics; fields that lean towards the natural sciences, such as neurolinguistics; and those with a nature of social sciences, such as geolinguistics. The application of quantitative methods in the latter two is already widespread, which might be one of the reasons why the concept of“digital humanities” is less emphasized in linguistics. The label“digital humanities” is meaningful during a certain historical period, but its scope will gradually narrow, and it does not meet the basic requirements to constitute an independent discipline. Furthermore, using dialectometry as an example, Dr.Huang points out some problems in current quantitative research in this field and the essential elements that a good quantitative study should have, providing insights for digital humanities research in various fields.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Digital Cultural Heritage Preservation Practices in Conflict Areas: Example of Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO)

    Zhang Yangming
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (3): 49-58.  
    Abstract123)      PDF(pc) (3110KB)(776)       Save
    Digital Cultural Heritage Preservation Practices in Conflict Areas: Example of Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO)“Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online”(SUCHO)is an emergency digital cultural heritage protection action initiated by western digital humanists in the context of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict. Within a few months after the outbreak of the conflict, the project rallied more than 1,500 international volunteers, mainly using open-source web archiving tools from the online community and customized metadata solutions, to back up the content of more than 5,000 websites and 50TB of data resources from Ukrainian cultural institutions in the form of online collaboration. After the second half of 2022,the project has entered the follow-up stages of content curation, publicity education and offline support, and produced various types of digital humanities outcomes. Through case analysis, the research believes that the success and sustained operation of the project cannot be separated from the key contributions of the online volunteer community, distributed web archiving, and coordination by the digital humanities team. Although the project itself has some limitations, such as the flaws inherent in the online volunteer community, it provides a bottom-up innovative solution for similar digital cultural heritage crises.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Exploring the Construction of a Historical Population Geographic Database in Small Mountainous Regions——A Study on the Wenshan River Basin in Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    Bai Yujun
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (3): 47-65.  
    Abstract120)      PDF(pc) (1681KB)(138)       Save

    Historical population geography database is an effective method to integrate and manage population historical materials with spatial attributes. Population historical materials of small mountainous regions are important resources for the study of historical population geography, population history, historical ethnic geography and other disciplines, with more obvious spatial, temporal and attribute characteristics, which are suitable for the construction of historical population database. Based on the processing method of multi-source information, the paper designs a historical population geography database structure with clear spatial and temporal attributes for the last 300 years in the Wenshan River Basin, and builds it into a database platform for population historical materials, with a view to serving the academic research of related disciplines and the real problems of population change.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    The Intersections and Contradictions between Technologies and Humanities: A Conversation Predicated on the Comparative Horizon of Digital Humanities and Game Studies
    Fu Shanchao, Han Yuhua, Jiang Han, Li Xiaozhou, Liu Kairan, Lu Yahuai, Ye Zitao
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (2): 27-41.  
    Abstract116)      PDF(pc) (1205KB)(72)       Save
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Information Construction and Application of Modern Water Conservancy Map Based on TGIS

    Bai Jiangtao, Pan Wei
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 47-66.  
    Abstract114)      PDF(pc) (48264KB)(21)       Save

    The modern water conservancy map clearly records the regional water body features in the Republic of China period, which has important value and role in the study of historical water system changes. On the basis of “Digital History of the Yellow River”, this paper takes the “Topographic Map of Ditches and Waterways along the Yellow River in Ningxia Province of the Republic of China” as an example, and with the support of TGIS technology and theory, the modern water conservancy map is informationized with modern geographic information technology, and then the spatial autocorrelation, fractal and irrigation efficiency are used to analyze the data. The analysis results show that: The irrigation canal in Ningxia had significant natural river form characteristics before liberation, indicating that local water conservancy facilities and “annual repair” in traditional times could not overcome the continuous influence of environmental factors such as frequent changes of Yellow River road, lateral channel swing, and unstable water volume on irrigation, which was difficult to clear through manual interpretation and statistical analysis.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    An Investigation of Literary Translation Style Through ML Method: A Case Study of Tess of D’ Urberville

    Kong Delu
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 58-73.  
    Abstract109)      PDF(pc) (6501KB)(106)       Save
    This paper applies classification and clustering methods in machine learning studies, builds a parallel corpus, and examines the translation styles of the three versions of Hardy's masterpiece Tess of the D'Urberville. From a total of 68 features,15 significant ones are selected and quantitatively synthesized with examples for detailed explanation. The results show that these salient features can effectively distinguish the stylistic differences among the three translations, with both classifying and clustering experiments achieving an average accuracy rate of about 97%. The study found that at the document-level, each translation shows different style features at the vocabulary, syntax, and discourse aspects; in terms of the keyword level, the frequency differences of certain keywords also present the translator's personal preferences. The article provides data support and fine-grained analysis for previous qualitative research, while also proposing some corrective conclusions, such as the higher lexical density, extremely lower proportion of passive bei sentence, and similar number of idioms in Zhang's translation compared to the others. Eventually we attempt to provide some improvements and supplements to the research methodology in translation style and translator's style studies.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    On the Ethics of Knowledge Organization from the Perspective of Digital Culture

    Jia Junzhi, Liu Siqi
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 116-128.  
    Abstract108)      PDF(pc) (2098KB)(49)       Save

    It aims to explore knowledge organization methods and ethical norms that are in line with the development of digital culture, and to provide support for the healthy development of the ecology in the field of digital culture. On the basis of defining the concepts of digital culture, knowledge organization and knowledge organization ethics, this study explores the relationship among the three. It is found that knowledge organization is revitalized in the digital transformation of culture as a key element linking digital culture and public communication and a lens for mapping social reality, while ethics is a necessary means to judge and test the fairness of knowledge organization in the perspective of digital culture. The ethical issues of knowledge organization under the vision of digital culture include the restriction of access to cultural resources and selection bias, implicit bias in the representation and expression of knowledge, the values and decision-making bias of practitioners of knowledge organization, the user's bias in knowledge organization and sharing in the digital culture scenario, and the filtering and bias of knowledge triggered by artificial intelligence technology. In the future, it is of far-reaching significance to rationally use digital technologies and promote the construction of knowledge organization systems with cross-cultural perspectives.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    From Still to Moving Images and Vice Versa: Analysing Technological Cycles and the Use of AI to Study Cinema History

    Biatelisi Tadeo Fuica, Artuer Lezer, Trans. Liu Sicheng, Pu Xiaqing
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 84-99.  
    Abstract104)      PDF(pc) (24750KB)(26)       Save
    In the digital turn of humanities, film studies has collided with new sparks after encountering digital tools and corpus thinking, which is particularly important for film history research. Using the image retrieval function of artificial intelligence tools, researchers can efficiently capture and summarize the required images and other information from the massive digital film corpus as a theoretical premise for more in-depth research. This article introduce the second round of retrieval experiments carried out in the early film corpus of the French National Audiovisual Research Center using the Snoop algorithm: Based on a review of the loop of motion image technology and theoretical reflection on how objects that appear repeatedly in film frames absorb, reflect and shape history, the study retrieves specific objects from the historical film corpus, proving that aesthetic associations will trigger historical analysis, thereby bringing the particularity of the background of the creation of the film corpus to the fore, and analyzing the potential and limitations of this research path.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Theories, Methods and Developmental Challenges to Literary Computing——Interview with Dr.Liu Yang

    Liu Yang, Yu Siqi
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (4): 37-48.  
    Abstract103)      PDF(pc) (1752KB)(98)       Save

    Literary Computing aims to explore the utilization of large-scale textual data and computer technology for interpreting literary works. It represents a crucial subfield within the realm of digital humanities. However, high-quality research in this field remains relatively scarce within the current Chinese literary community. This article presents an interview with Dr. Liu Yang, an associate professor in the Chinese Department at Chongqing University and a leading scholar in this domain. The discussion covers algorithm criticism, quantification of literary concepts, the integration of technology with traditional literary research, digital tools in literary creation, ideal models for digital humanities education, and the future forms of literature. Dr. Liu Yang argues that while the interpretation of literary works may be subjective, there are underlying objective patterns present. Any literary concept can be quantified; what is needed is a more nuanced approach. It is essential to strive towards integrating techniques from other fields with traditional literary criticism and literary theory. The greatest barrier in this endeavor lies not in the mastery of technology but in the significant gap between the arts and sciences, as well as the limitations of researchers' perspectives. In the future, the integration of literary computing and traditional methods will gradually occur, and interdisciplinary studies such as digital humanities will transition from a relatively marginal and non-mainstream status to becoming mainstream.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0
    Digital History and the Politics of Digitization
    Gerben Zaagsma, Trans.Zhang Chenwen
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (3): 3-26.  
    Abstract99)      PDF(pc) (1826KB)(116)       Save

    Much has been made in recent years of the transformative potential of digital resources and historical data for historical research. Historians seem to be flooded with retro-digitized and born-digital materials and tend to take these for granted, grateful for the opportunities they afford. In a research environment that increasingly privileges what is available online, the questions of why, where, and how we can access what we can access, and how it affects historical research have become ever more urgent. This article proposes a framework through which to contextualize the politics of (digital) heritage preservation, and a model to analyze its most important political dimensions, drawing upon literature from the digital humanities and history as well as archival, library, and information science. The first part will outline the global dimensions of the politics of digital cultural heritage, focusing on developments between and within the Global North and South, framed within the broader context of the politics of heritage and its preservation. The second part surveys the history and current state of digitization and offers a structured analysis of the process of digitization and its political dimensions. Choices and decisions about selection for digitization, how to catalogue, classify, and what metadata to add are all political in nature and have political consequences, and the same is true for access. The article concludes with several recommendations and a plea to acknowledge the importance of digital cataloguing in enabling access to the global human record.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution Structure of Evidence Chain in the Testimony Collection of Former Japanese Bacteriological Fighters from the Perspective of Knowledge Reorganization

    Ren Yue, Tan Keming, Li Boyong
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (4): 67-83.  
    Abstract98)      PDF(pc) (4304KB)(54)       Save

    As an oral archive, the collection of testimonies of former Japanese bacteriological warfare members is a relatively comprehensive and objective historical document reflecting the situation of bacteriological warfare of Japanese invaders in China. It is suitable for mining based on knowledge reorganization theory to supplement macro historical facts with details from an individual perspective. This paper uses social network analysis and content analysis, Neo4j graphic database and ArcGIS GIS to visually display and discover related forces, experimental locations, department composition, branch information, witness relationship, defeated evacuation route and other contents in the file text. Thus, the complex relationship between the characters in the Testimonies can be expressed concretely; Taking the supply route of plague germ warfare in Ningbo as an example, the role of the research results in revealing historical details and excavating evidence chain network is demonstrated. There were also inconsistencies in some of the testimony. It provides a useful reference for subsequent more accurate and targeted historical data combing for key figures and sites, and provides a basis for correlation with other relevant research data, and also provides a demonstration for feasible oral history archive content mining. In addition, the institute makes a network of human relations, knowledge map. It not only fully confirmed the systematization and scale of bacterial warfare of Japanese invaders in China, but also as an intuitive, three-dimensional and visual knowledge picture, it is easier to understand and can be widely used in public history education.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    The Formation of Historical Memory: The Interaction between Brain Memory and Empathic Neural Network—— A Study at the Intersection of History and Brain Science

    You Shujun, Shen Ting, Zhang Luyue, Tang Wenxin, Lai Xinyi
    Digital Humanities Research    2024, 4 (1): 42-57.  
    Abstract94)      PDF(pc) (33401KB)(13)       Save

    Memory is the core of historical research, and due to differences in subjects, it can be divided into individual historical memory, group historical memory, and cultural and historical memory between groups. The “empathy” function of the brain can trigger the emotion of "empathy" and connect the three memories. This study conducted experiments on subjects with different educational backgrounds, genders, and historical knowledge levels, and used fMRI technology to observe the brain responses of subjects when viewing war pictures, revealing the advanced cognitive function network, visual information processing network, and negativity. Changes in activation levels of emotional brain regions. When the subjects watched the Anti-Japanese War picture group, the activation level of the core area and regulatory area in the brain responsible for “empathy” increased significantly, directly mobilizing the “historical memory” of the brain and highlighting the importance of historical education——strengthening the connection of cultural memories between groups thus strengthens national identity and patriotism. In addition, there are significant differences in the brain activation levels of subjects with different genders and education levels. The brains of women with higher levels of education show the most active “empathy” level, and they are more able to show “sympathy with the same enemy” attitude. Research not only demonstrates the importance of individual differences in perceiving historical events, but also proves the role of historical memory in maintaining social consensus and cohesion of groups.

    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0

    An On-Site Study and Its GIS Presentation of the Grand Canal in Painting Album of the Great Canal Journeys by Qian Gu and Visual Travelogue of a Journey Through the Waterways by Zhang Fu of Ming Dynasty

    Chien Chin-Sung, Liao Hsiung-Ming, Wang Yong, Zhang Shujun, Tang Chen, Yan Cheng, Xie Dinghong
    Digital Humanities Research    2023, 3 (3): 59-128.  
    Abstract92)      PDF(pc) (58738KB)(12)       Save
    Qian Gu(钱穀)’s Painting Album of the Great Canal Journeys(《纪行图册》)was based on Wang Shizhen(王世贞)’s Shi Jin Ji Xing(《适晋纪行》)in the fourth year of the Longqing reign(1570) in June and was painted into 32 scenes from Cangshan Xiaozhi Garden(仓山小祗园) to Yangzhou Yangzi Bridge(扬州扬子桥).Zhang Fu(张复)’s Visual Travelogue of A Journey Through the Waterways(《水程图》)was drawn on the boat going north when Wang Shizhen entered the position of Taipu(太仆) in the second year of Wanli(1574) in February.He depicted 52 scenes from Shao Bo(邵伯)to Tongzhou(通州).Both works were done in a realistic style and are considered exceptional in the Ming dynasty’s painting history. This article uses the on-site study method to undertake three tasks. First, since Wang Shizhen’s trip to the north coincided with the Great Canal’s changing period during the completion of the Longqing Xinhe(隆庆新河)and the discussion of the Jiahe(泇河),this article intends to digitize all the waterways they passed through. Second, Qian Gu stated that he wanted to record the true landscape at that time, so this article uses travel diaries, local gazetteers, ancient and modern maps, and my own research results through the on-site study to explain each illustration and verify the degree of realism depicted by the painters. Third, the value of the more than 80 scenes is like discovering a large box of Ming dynasty videotapes. This article will reveal the true appearance of the Great Canal in the Ming dynasty in a visual and expressive manner through the true nature of the scenes.
    Related Articles | Metrics | Comments0